Steroid Biosynthesis — PediaNotes Theory

PediaNotes Theory

Home Practical OSCE Tools

External Links Home Practical OSCE Tools

Navigation

Topics 1115 Notes

About This Garden

Acute Myocarditis
ALCAPA
Antiarrhythmic Therapy
ASD
Cardiac arrhythmias
Cardiac Catheterization
Cardiomyopathies
Congenital Heart Block
Development of Heart
Double Outlet Right Ventricle
Eisenmenger syndrome
Etiology, Pathophysiology and Diagnosis of CCF
Hyperoxia Test
Hypertension in Children
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
Infective endocarditis
Innocent vs Organic Murmurs
Long QT syndrome
Management of CCF
Minimally Invasive Management in CHD
Nadas' Criteria for Clinical Diagnosis of Heart Disease
Paroxysmal hypercyanotic Spells
Pericarditis
Pulse Oximetry in the diagnosis of critical congenital cardiac disease
Rheumatic Heart Diseases
S2 in clincial practice
S2 in clinical practice
Sinus Tachycardia vs SVT
Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT)
Tetralogy of Fallot
Transposition and malposition of great arteries
Transposition of great arteries
Treatment of ARF and Rheumatic Carditis
Tricuspid Atresia
Vasodilator Therapy in Heart Failure
VSD
Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW)

Developmental Pediatrics 48

ADHD
Approach to a Child with Failure to Thrive (FTT)
Approach to Short Stature
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Bone Age Assessment
Breath-Holding Spells
Childhood Schizophrenia
Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder (Stuttering)
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Pediatrics
Conduct Disorder in Children
Conversion Reactions (Functional Neurologic Symptom Disorder)
Depressive Disorders in Children and Adolescents
Developmental Surveillance, Screening, and Diagnostic Evaluation
Disruptive Behavioural Disorders in School-Aged Children
Dyslexia (Specific Learning Disability in Reading)
Eating Disorders
Factors Affecting Child Growth and Development
Gesell Developmental Schedule
Global Developmental Delay
Growth Charts
Growth charts and Anthropometry
Juvenile Delinquency
Key Growth Parameters
Lying in Children and Adolescents
Mood Disorders in Adolescence
Nightmares
Nocturnal Enuresis
Non-Organic Failure to Thrive (Psychosocial FTT)
Oppositional Defiant Disorder
Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infections (PANDAS)
Pervasive Developmental Disorders
Physical Features Associated with Syndromes of Mental Retardation
Pica
Polysomnography
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Preventable Causes of Mental Retardation (Intellectual Disability)
Principles of Growth and Development
Psychosocial Health Screening (HEADSS) in Adolescents
Referral criteria for growth issues
Referral criteria for growth related issues
Rumination Disorder
Sleep Disorders in Children
Specific Learning Disability (SLD)
Standardized Tools for Language Assessment
Suicide and Self-Harm in Adolescence
Temper Tantrums
Thumb Sucking
Tourette Syndrome

Emergencies & Critical Care 56

Endocrinology 56

Acquired Hypothyroidism
Adrenal Crisis
Advances in Insulin Therapy
Approach to DSD
Approach to DSD in 2 year old
Calcium Homeostasis
Caused of Hypocalcemia
Combined Pituitary Hormone Deficiency (CPHD)
Compare and Contrast - Precocious and Delayed puberty
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Congenital Hypothyroidism
Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems
Cushing Syndrome
Dawn phenomenon and Somogyi phenomenon
Delayed Puberty in Boys
Delayed Puberty in Girls
Diabetes Insipidus
Diabetes Mellitus Other Than Type 1 and Type 2
Differential Diagnosis of Water and Salt Balance Disorders
Disorders of Sexual Development (DSD)
Dwarfism
Embryology of the Pituitary Gland
Glucocorticoid-Remediable Aldosteronism (GRA)
Growth Hormone - Structure and Mechanism of Action
Growth Hormone Stimulators and Inhibitors
Hashimoto's Thyroiditis
Hormone Synthesis
Hormones of the Pituitary Gland
Hormones Secreted by the Anterior Pituitary Gland
Hyperaldosteronism
Hyperosmolar Non-Ketotic Diabetic Coma
Hyperthyroidism in Children
Indications for Growth Hormones
Insulin Analogues
Kallmann Syndrome
Lab Features - Hypo, Hyper and Pseudohypoparathyroidism
Management of DKA
Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY)
McCune-Albright Syndrome
Metabolic Syndrome
Nelson Syndrome
Neonatal Thyroid Screening
Pendred Syndrome
Pheochromocytoma
Physiology of Puberty
Precocious Puberty in Boys
Precocious Puberty in girls
Puberty Goiter
Septo-optic Dysplasia (de Morsier Syndrome)
SIADH
Steroid Biosynthesis
T1DM in children
T2DM in children
TFT Interpretation
Thyroid Dyshormonogenesis and Dysgenesis
Thyroid Hormone Synthesis

Gastroenterology 58

Angelman Syndrome and Prader-Willi Syndrome (15q11-13 Imprinting Disorders)
Approach to a dysmorphic child
Chromosomal Microarray
Classification of Birth Defects
Consanguinity and Its Effect on Genetics
CRISPR
Cytogenetic Analysis
DiGeorge Syndrome (22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome)
Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)
Edwards Syndrome (Trisomy 18)
Enzyme Replacement Therapy (ERT)
Ethical issues in genetic testing
Flow Cytometry
Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH)
Fragile X Syndrome
Gene Therapy in Children
Genetic Counselling in DMD
Genetic Counselling in Down Syndrome
Genetic Testing in Intellectual Disability
Genomic Imprinting
Karyotyping
Klinefelter Syndrome (47,XXY)
Long-Term Follow-up of Down Syndrome
Lyonisation (X-Chromosome Inactivation)
Mendelian Patterns of Genetic Inheritance
Mitochondrial Genes
Mosaicism and Chimerism
Multiplex Ligation-Dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA)
Mutations and Their Consequences
NAAT
Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS)
Non-Classical Patterns of Inheritance
Patau Syndrome (Trisomy 13)
Pedigree charts
Preimplantation Genetic Testing
Prenatal Diagnosis of Downs Syndrome and other Trisomies
Prevention of Genetic Disorders
Principles of Genetic Counselling
Progeria
Sanger Sequencing
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) Array
Somatic and Germline Gene editing
Testing for Single Gene Disorders
Translocations in Genetics and Their Inheritance Patterns
Turner Syndrome
Williams Syndrome

Hematology & Oncology 81

Acute complications of Sickle Cell Anemia
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Anemia in the 1st Year of Life
Antenatal Diagnosis of Thalassemia
Aplastic Anemia
Approach To A Bleeding Child
Approach to Anemia
Approach to Hemolytic Anemia
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
Blood Transfusion
Chronic Complications of Sickle Cell Anemia
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
Classification of Acquired Anemias
Classification Of Histiocytosis
CNS Tumors
Collection And Storage Of Blood Components
Complications of Thalassemia
Congenital amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia
Diagnosis of Thalassemias
Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA)
Differentiation Of Bleeding Disorders
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
Dyskeratosis congenita (DC)
Erythropoietin
Ewing's Sarcoma
Fanconi Anemia
Fetal Hematopoiesis
Folate Deficiency
Genetic Basis of Thalassemia
Germ Cell Tumors
Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency
Hemoglobin Evolution - Embryo to Adult
Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis In Children
Hemophilia A
Hemostasis and Coagulation Cascade Pathway
Hepatic Tumors
Hereditary Prothrombotic States
Hereditary Spherocytosis
Hereditary Spherocytosis (HS)
Hodgkin Lymphoma
Immune Neonatal Thrombocytopenia (NAIT)
Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)
Immunophenotyping Of Leukemias
Indications for blood component transfusion
Inherited bone marrow failure syndromes (IBMFS)
IRIDA
Iron Deficiency Anemia
Iron Deficiency Anemia vs Thalassemia Trait
Iron Metabolism in Humans
Iron-Deficiency Anemia (IDA)
Juvenile Myelomonocytic Leukemia
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
Management of Thalassemia
Methemoglobinemia
Myelodysplastic Syndromes
Myeloproliferative Syndromes
Neuroblastoma
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Non-Wilms Renal Tumors
Oncological Emergencies other than TLS
Peripheral Blood Smear in Different Types of Anemia
Physiological anemia of infancy
Posterior Fossa Tumors In Children
Precautions for blood transfusion in hemolytic anemia
Pulmonary Involvement In Pediatric Malignancies
Retinoblastoma
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Role And Function Of Platelets In Hemostasis
Shwachman-Diamond syndrome (SDS)
Sickle Cell Disease
Spleen and Splenectomy
Supratentorial Intracranial Tumors In Children
Thalassemia diagnostic and monitoring modalities
Thrombophilia
Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
Transfusion Reaction
Tumor Lysis Syndrome
Vitamin B12 Deficiency
Von Willebrand Disease
Wilms Tumor

Infectious Diseases 100

Immunology 19
Infectious diseases 81

Metabolic Disorders 33

Metabolic disorders 33

Miscellaneous Topics 90

Amniocentesis
Anemia in Newborn
Anemia of Prematurity
Antenatal Diagnosis
Antenatal Diagnosis of Congenital Malformations
Antenatal Steroid Therapy
APGAR Score
Apnea of Prematurity
Approach to a bleeding Neonate
Aspesis in NICU
Assessment of fetal Well-being - Fetal Surveillance
Assessment of Gestational Age (GA) in Newborn
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
Care of Cord
Cell Free DNA (cfDNA) Prenatal Screening
Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)
Congenital Diapharmatic Hernia
Congenital Varicella
Cordocentesis
Developmentally Supportive Care
Endocrine Issues at Day 1 of life
Feeding Problems in Neonates
Fetal circulation
Fetal growth restriction
Fetal Surgery
Fetal Therapy
Fluid Therapy in Neonate
Follow up a NICU graduate
Hemorrhagic Disease of Neonate
High Risk Neonate
Hypoxemic Ischemic Encephalopathy
Infants of Diabetic Mother
Intraventricular hemorrhage
IUGR (FGR) and SGA
Kangaroo Mother Care
Kidney Function in Neonates
Levels of Neonatal Care
Meconium Aspiration Syndrome
Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia
Neonatal Hypocalcemia
Neonatal Hypoglycemia
Neonatal Osteomyelitis
Neonatal seizures (NSz)
Neonatal Thrombocytopenia
NRP Algorithm - 9th edition
PDA
Perinatal TB
Persistant Pulmonary Hypertension of Newborn
Placental Dysfunction Syndrome
Placental Dysfunction Syndrome (Postmaturity Syndrome, Dysmaturity)
Polycythemia
Probiotics in Neonates
Respiratory Distress in Newborns
Retinopathy of prematurity
Role of Antenatal Steroids
Scoring to Predict Mortality in Neonatology
Screening for Birth Defect at Delivery Point
Sepsis in newborn
Shock in neonates
Skin Care in Newborns
SNCU
Surfactant Therapy
Surgical Emergencies of Neonates
Tactile intervention in Newborns
Thermal Regulation of Newborn and Hypothermia
Total Paraenteral Nutrition
Transfusion Protocol in Neonates
Transport of Sick Neonate
Triage of Newborn
Triple Screen and Quadruple Screen
USG in Antenatal period
Ventilation stratergy in RDS

Acute Kidney Injury
Acute Post-Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis
Alport Syndrome
Approach to hematuria
Approach to proteinuria
Assessment of Renal Function in Children
Bartter syndrome
Chronic Kidney Disease
Comparision of Tubulopathies
Congenital Anomalies of the Kidney and Urinary Tract (CAKUT)
Congenital Nephrotic Syndrome
Cortical Necrosis
Development of Glomerular Filtration
Development of Kidney and Gonads
Distal RTA
Fanconi syndrome
Fanconi's Syndrome ⁝ Proximal RTA
Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)
Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP)
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
Nephrotic Syndrome
Pathogenesis of Edema in Nephrotic Syndrome
Persistent Asymptomatic Proteinuria
Polycystic Kidney Diseases
Posterior Urethral Valves (PUV)
Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis (RPGN)
Recurrent Hematuria
Renal Angina Index (RAI)
Renal Artery Stenosis
Renal Osteodystrophy
Renal Replacement Therapy (RRT)
Renal Tubular Acidosis (RTA)
Tubular Resorption in Kidneys
Urinary Tract Infection
Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR)

Neuromuscular System 16

Acute Flaccid Paralysis
Approach to a floppy infant
Autonomic Neuropathies
Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease
Congenital Myopathy
Congential Myopathies
Duchenne and Becker's Muscular dystrophy
Electrophysiological Studies In Pediatric Neurological Disorders
Familial Dysautonomia (Riley-Day syndrome)
Guillain-Barré Syndrome
Myasthenia Gravis
Other Muscular Dystrophies
Paralytic Poliomyelitis
Pseudoparalysis
Spinal Muscular Atrophy
Toxic Neuropathy

Acrodermatitis enteropathica
Adequacy of breastfeeding, attachment and Position
Admission and Discharge Criteria in SAM
Age independent anthropometry in SAM
Anti-infective Properties of Human Milk
Assessment of Nutritional Status in a Child with Unknown Age
Bioactive factors of human milk
Biochemical changes in SAM
Breastmilk secretion and Lactation Failure
Cobalamin (Vitamin B12) Deficiency
Community management of SAM
Complementary Feeding
Composition of Human Milk
Copper, Zinc and Magnesium in Health
Cow's Milk protein allergy
Cutaneous manifestation of micronutrient deficiency
Diagnosis of SAM
Double Burden of Malnutrition
Effects of Malnutrition on Mental Health
F75 and F100 diets
Facility based managed of SAM
Feeding problems in the 1st year of life
Fluoride Toxicity
Folate Deficiency
Hidden Hunger
Human Milk banking
Human vs Animal Milk
Hypervitaminosis A
Hypervitaminosis D
Hypervitaminosis in Children
Immunological changes in SAM
Intergenerational Cycle
Iodide Deficiency
IYCF Summary
Long term outcome of Vitamin B12 deficiency
Low dose Vitamin D and Stoss Regimen
Micronutrients in Breastmilk
Nutritional support of a critically ill child
Obesity in adolescence
Obesity in Childhood
Overview of Micronutrients
Parameters to detect overnutrition
Parameters to detect Undernutrition
Pathophysiology of SAM
Pre-ITS and ITS
Preterm vs Term Milk
Problems of Breastfeeding and Management
Productive effects of breastfeeding
RDA
Refeeding Syndrome
ReSoMal
Role of Folate in Human body
Role of MCT
Role of zinc in immunity
Scurvy
Strategy to prevent micronutrient deficiency
Syndrome X
Thiamine Deficiency
Vitamin A
Vitamin D and Rickets
Vitamin E Deficiency
Zinc in Diarrhoea

Recent Advances 80

Advanced Neuroimaging in Perinatal Stroke
AI in Pediatrics
AI-assisted Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder
Antimicrobial Stewardship in Pediatrics
Autoimmune Encephalitis Biomarkers
Biologicals in Severe Pediatric Asthma (Omalizumab, Dupilumab)
Biomarkers of Acute Kidney Injury (NGAL, Cystatin C)
Biomarkers of Neural tube defects
BPaLM Regimen for Drug-Resistant TB
CAR-T Cell Therapy in Pediatric ALL
CFTR Modulators in Cystic Fibrosis (Elexacaftor,Tezacaftor,Ivacaftor)
Chronic Hepatitis B Management Updates
Complement Inhibitors in Atypical HUS
Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) in Type 1 Diabetes
CUSP (Comprehensive Under-5 Screening Program)
Delayed Cord Milking vs Delayed Cord Clamping
Disease-Modifying Therapies in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD)
E-cigarette or Vaping Product Use-Associated Lung Injury (EVALI)
Emerging Zoonoses
Epilepsy Surgery
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO)
Family Integrated Care (FICare)
Flow Cytometry in oncological diagnosis
Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide (FeNO) in Asthma Management
Gene Editing (CRISPR Cas9) for Sickle Cell Disease
Gene Therapy in Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA)
GINA 2025 Updates
Hexavalent Vaccines in the Universal Immunization Programme
High-Frequency Oscillatory Ventilation (HFOV) Updates
Home Non-Invasive Ventilation (NIV) in Chronic Lung Disease
Human Milk Oligosaccharides (HMOs)
Hybrid Closed-Loop Insulin Systems (Artificial Pancreas)
Impact of Ambient Air Quality (AQI) on Pediatric Respiratory Visits
Impact of Screen Time on Neurodevelopment (2026 Guidelines)
Impulse Oscillometry
iNCOVACC and Nasal Vaccine Platforms
Intrauterine Fetal Therapy
Iron Chelation Therapy Updates (Oral Deferasirox)
Liquid Biopsy for Pediatric Brain Tumors
Management of Status Epilepticus (IAP 2025 Updates)
Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis in ADHD
National Policy for Rare Diseases (NPRD)
Nationwide 9-valent HPV Vaccination Rollout
Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) in NICU
Newer Anti-Seizure Medications (Brivaracetam, Cenobamate)
Newer Antibiotics for Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae
Newer drugs in obesity management
Newer Management Protocols for Celiac Disease
Newer TPO Receptor Agonists for Chronic ITP
Nirsevimab for RSV Prophylaxis
Non Invasive Co2 Monitoring
Non-invasive Assessment of Liver Fibrosis (FibroScan)
Non-invasive Neurally Adjusted Ventilatory Assist (NIV-NAVA)
PALICC 2 Updates
PHOENIX sepsis Score
Point-of-Care Molecular Diagnostics (Truenat)
Precision Medicine in Pediatric Oncology
Probiotics in Acute Diarrhea (IAP 2025 Consensus)
Probiotics in NEC
Proton Beam Therapy in Pediatric Solid Tumors
Pulmonary Function Testing in Pre-schoolers
R21 Matrix-M Malaria Vaccine Implementation
Recent Changes in the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act
Role of HLA in transplant
ROSE Concept
Scrub Typhus Management Protocols 2026
Sepsis-3 Definitions Applied to Pediatrics
Short Bowel Syndrome and Teduglutide
Shorter Treatment Regimens for Non-Severe TB
Simulation in Medical Education
Smart Inhalers and Digital Adherence Tools
Stem Cell Therapy for Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
Surviving Sepsis 2026 Updates
Sustained Low-Efficiency Diafiltration (SLED)
Targeted Neonatal Echocardiography (TnECHO)
Tele-pediatrics and Hybrid Healthcare Models
Tele-rehabilitation in Neurodisability
Universal Screening for Congenital CMV
Updates in Management of Thalassemia Intermedia
Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS) in Refractory Epilepsy

Rheumatology 25

ANCA Associated Vasculitides
Approach To A Child With Joint Pain
Atypical Kawasaki Disease
Biologicals In JIA
Childhood Polyarteritis Nodosa (cPAN)
Enthesitis-Related Arthritis (ERA)
Henoch-Schonlein Purpura
ILAR Criteria for JIA
JIA - Classification, patterns and Features
JIA - Differential Diagnosis And Management
Juvenile Dermatomyositis
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Juvenile Systemic Sclerosis
Kawasaki - AHA Statment Summary
Kawasaki Disease
Kawasaki Disease Shock Syndrome
Lupus Nephritis
Macrophage Activation Syndrome
Partial Kawasaki Disease
Pathophysiology Of Kawasaki Disease
Pediatric SLE
Reactive Arthropathies
Sjögren Syndrome
Systemic JIA
Takayasu Arteritis

Social Pediatrics 64

Social pediatics 64

Accuracy and Precision
Allocation Concealment
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
Assent for a study involving children
Bias in Statistics
Blinding in Medical Statistics
Case Control Study
Characteristics of a Good Research Question
Chi-Square Test
Cluster Randomized Trials
Cochrane Reviews
Cohort Study
Confidence Interval
Conflict of Interest Disclosure
Cross-Sectional Studies
Ethics in Medical Research
Evidence Based Medicine (EBM)
Forest Plot
Funnel Plot
GRADE approach for level of evidence
Hypothesis Testing
ICMJE Criteria for Authorship
Intention-to-Treat and Per-Protocol Analysis
Kaplan-Meier Survival Analysis and Plot
Lead Time and Lead Time Bias
Linear Correlation Coefficient
Mean, Median and Mode
Meta Analysis
Network Meta-Analysis
Number Needed to Treat (NNT) and Number Needed to Harm (NNH)
Odds Ratio (OR)
Open Access Journals - Advantages and Disadvantages
P-Value in Statistical Hypothesis Testing
Percentiles and Z-scores
Phases of Clinical Trials
PICO Framework
Randomization Techniques
Randomized Controlled Trials (RCT)
Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curve and Area Under the Curve (AUC)
Regression Analysis
Relative Risk (RR)
Research Misconduct - FFP (Falsification, Fabrication and Plagiarism)
Role of Institutional Ethics Committees in Research
Sample Size Calculation
Sensitivity, Specificity, PPV and NPV
Standard Deviation and Standard Error
Standards of Authorship, Gift and Ghost Authorship
Statistical Errors
Strength and Quality of Evidence
Study Designs in Medical Research
T Tests
Tests of Statistical Significance
Types of Data
Wilson and Jungner Criteria for Screening

Home / Endocrinology / Steroid Biosynthesis

Adrenal Steroidogenesis

© 2026 PediaNotes • Dr. Rubanbalaji • Home • Contact

These notes are intended for educational and exam preparation purposes only.

ESC

Select a note to preview